This series of technical notes examines the urban activities causing soil degradation and sedimentation, and the management practices that protect the functions. Genetic erosion refers to the loss of genetic diversity, sometimes used in a narrow sense, that is, the loss of genes or alleles, as well as more broadly, referring to the loss of varieties, and crop species, mainly because of the replacement of traditional landraces by modern, highyielding cultivars, natural devastations, and largescale. Gullies when started once, will move by headward erosion or even by slumping of side walls unless and untill proper steps will be taken in order to stabilize the disturbance. To understand wind erosion and its control, we need to understand the processes involved. Coastal erosion and mitigation methods global state of art arkal vittal hegde department of applied mechanics and hydraulics, national institute of technology karnataka, surathkal, mangalore 575 025, india email. The cracks pattern did not fit the standard cause of wall cracks. Soil erosion and conservation 229 erosivity and erodibility for erosion to occur, there has to be a force to move the soil. Compaction of soil is the compression of soil particles into a smaller volume, which reduces the size of pore space available for air and water.
Pdf soil is the most fundamental and basic natural resource for all life to survive. Soil erosion is the removalof the most fertile top layer. The flow of rivers and streams causes valley erosion. Soil erosion is defined as the process of removal of soil from one surface, due to factors like rain, wind or others, and its disposition in some other areas. One of the main causes of enamel erosion are acids found in the foods and liquids you consume.
Let us have a detailed look at the causes, effects and prevention of soil erosion. Although erosion is a natural process it is accelerated by practices such as land clearing, overgrazing, some cultivations and poorly constructed farm roads and dams. Causes, effects and control strategies 5 deforestation are maintained. Weathering and soil section 3 soil erosion flashcards. Ways to prevent soil erosion simple solutions to prevent soil erosion. Soil erosion occurs when natural forces, such as wind and water, act on the soil. Although erosion happens naturally, human activities can make it much worse. The best choice of plants to prevent soil erosion are herbs, wild flowers and small trees.
Sep 11, 2017 erosion causes filling of dams, reservoirs, waterways. Soil erosion in africa threatens food and fuel supplies and can contribute to climate change. Water is a liquid drank by humans, animals, and plants. The removal of topsoil by the natural forces is known as soil erosion. Nearly 10 million hectares of arable land are lost to erosion and other forms of soil degradation every year 1 countries all over the world are battling with worrisome sight of deepening gullies crisscrossing the landscape and barren fields stripped of the fertile topsoil. Once this nutrientrich layer is gone, few plants will grow in the soil again. Without soil and plants the land becomes desertlike and unable to support life. Gully erosion, definition, causes, effects and prevention gully erosion is defined as the removal of the top soil along drainage channels by surface water runoff. Bare soil is easily swept away by wind and water, the. Soil erosion reduces cropland productivity and contributes to the pollution of adjacent watercourses, wetlands and lakes.
Erosion whether it is by water, wind or tillage, involve three distinct action. This refers to growing of two or more different crops in sequence in a field for maintaining the soil fertility. Runoff washes away the soil particles from sloping and bare lands while wind blows away loose and detached soil particles from flat and unprotected lands. For this reason, some navigable waters become useless. Water and wind erosion are two main agents that degrade soils. Causes and management s oil compaction can be a serious and unnecessary form of soil degradation that can result in increased soil erosion and decreased crop production. Soil degradation ann verdoodt academic year 20112012 compilation of course notes by prof. Due to soil erosion, the soil becomes less fertile. Soil erosion is the wearing away of the land surface by physical.
Soil is eroding more quickly than it is being formed. When erosion occurs naturally, soil is relocated at about the same rate it is created, so no harm is done to the environment. As a result, the basic causes, effects and remedies of wind erosion have been the focus of research by the usda s agricultural research service. The water flowing in the rivers and streams tend to eat away the soils along the water systems leading to a vshaped erosive activity. If youre looking for a free download links of soil erosion. Erosion removes the best, most fertile part of the soil, the topsoil where most of the plant nutrients and soil carbon are found. Plants and trees help control soil erosion, besides a water shed. Coastal erosion can be defined as the removal of material from the coast by wave action, tidal currents andor the activities of man, typically causing a landward retreat of the coastline1. Causes, effects and types of erosion water, wind, glacier. Coastal erosion and mitigation methods global state of art. Tool failures causes and prevention 45 by numerous and diverse factors, from design through to the toolmaking. Erosion is detrimental to soil physical properties and soil quality andraski and lowery, 1992. The details of all publications are in the researchgate in full text pdf forms. All about soil erosion causes consequencesprevention youtube.
Effects of soil erosion on soil properties as related to crop. Pdf soilerosion and runoff prevention by plant covers. Many citizens do not know the causes of and damages done by erosion because they are not farmers or perhaps they have not been displaced from their homes or suffered any visible or recognizable loss from erosion. Soil erosion is the washing or blowing away by water or wind of the top layer of the soil. Main causes of soil erosion in pakistan by mr allah dad khan. Soil erosion control products control and prevent erosion. It is a process in which the top fertile layer of soil is lost. Erosion is one of the biggest concerns of earths land surface. Causes and efforts to control soil erosion in africa. Erosion and sedimentation on construction sites introduction soil is a crucial component of rural and urban environments, and in both places land management is the key to soil quality. The erosion checking strips check and hold the flowing water and soil. When erosion occurs naturally, soil is relocated at about the same rate.
May 12, 2016 this feature is not available right now. Sustainable land management can help control soil erosion, protect watersheds and. When soil physical properties are degraded, soil is also degraded. Symptoms of soil erosion by water may be identified by small rills and. State conservation engineer usda natural resources conservation service stormwater phase ii. A case study in the denku microwatershed oromia region, submitted for the masters degree in human ecology to the college of agriculture and environmental sciences. Soil pollution types, effects, sources and control of soil pollution soil pollution soil pollution is defined as, contamination of soil by human and natural activities which may cause harmful effect on living organisms. Basic soil erosion and types stacy dehne datcp engineer 2015 wisconsin lakes convention. Soil erosion can also lead to mudslides and floods, negatively affecting the structural integrity of buildings and roadways. Soil erosion can be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed or can occur at an alarming rate, causing serious loss of topsoil. Soil erosion is one of the most important watershed processes in nature, yet quantifying it under field conditions remains a challenge. In order to be transported, threshold velocity of the wind is needed. Erosion corrosion is the combined effect that occurs due to corrosion and erosion and is caused by the rapid flow of any turbulent fluid on a metal surface. Because of the damage and removal of protective scale caused by the sand impingement, the corrosion rate also increased significantly 12, 17.
Soil conservation and erosion prevention reduce sediment and erosion in construction and development targets. Farmers plant trees and grass to cover and bind the soil. Addressing soil erosion that results from rainfall, water flows, wind, or stormwater runoff, soil erosion control products stabilize areas to provide a firm foundation for vegetation and roads. Plants prevent wind and water erosion by covering the soil and binding the soil with their roots.
The details of checlc ing and preventing erosion and restoring to use the recoverable areas are not included, nee that important side of the problem deserves a full paper in itself. Just look at any coastline, and you will notice how the constant pounding force from wind and waves causes. Man can also cause soil erosion by such practices as tilling a farmers field or the clearing of vegetation. Processes, prediction, measurement, and control pdf, epub, docx and torrent then this site is not for you. Soil erosion control solutions global road technology. Processes and principles of erosion and sedimentation nc. Soil erosion by water causes and mitigation jerry j. Majority of the population is dependent on agriculture and increasing the production of crops by various methods is decreasing the quality of soil and affecting the biodiversity. For over a century, governments and aid organizations have tried to combat soil erosion in africa, often with limited effect. Soil pollution types, effects, sources and control of.
Main causes of soil erosion in pakistan by mr allah dad khan 1. Causes and prevention of flooding and erosion in urban. Erosion causes infertile soils that are subject to erosion. Addressing and preventing land erosion promotes several surface water goals and objectives. Gully erosion, definition, causes, effects and prevention. Causes of soil erosion erosion occurs when farming practices are not compatible with the fact that soil can be washed away or blown away. Erosion preceded by the destruction of the crumb structure due to the impact of falling raindrop on the surface of soil is termed as splash erosion. Effects of soil erosion on soil properties as related to crop productivity and classification w. Structural analysis of the building was performed using staad pro software. As soil erodes, it loses nutrients, clogs rivers with dirt, and eventually turns the area into a desert. Erosion causes the exposure of subsoil as the topsoil is lost, where subsoil is characterized by low organic matter and more clay content than surface soil. Water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of land degradation.
This type of erosion takes place when the runoff water, laden with soil flowing along the. Soil erosion is the weathering away of topsoil caused by water, wind or tillage. Soil erosion control requires products that are diverse, reliable, and equipped to handle the conditions of the project location. Constructionsite erosion causes serious and costly. In one of the college buildings, diagonal cracks were observed in many walls. Tuberculosis tb is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs, though it can affect any organ in the body. Rainfall energy is the prime cause of erosion from tilled or bare land, occurring when the soil lacks protective vegetative cover. Factors, types, causes and effects in india riya kapoor soil erosion, soil erosion is a process of detachment and transportation of soil by natural agencies of water and wind. I hereby declare that the dissertation, soil erosion, deforestation and rural livelihoods in the central rift valley area of ethiopia.
Professor, dadi institute of engineering and technology anakapalle abstract. What are the causes, consequences, and solutions of soil. Erosion prevention and sediment control erosion prevention and. The top layer of soil is very light which is easily carried away by wind and water. The role of coastal forests and trees in protecting against coastal erosion gegar prasetya1 1 introduction shoreline changes induced by erosion and accretion are natural processes that take place over a range of time scales. Lets have a look at the most common causes of soil erosion. It results in a continuous loss of topsoil, ecological degradation, soil collapse, etc. To control wind erosion, derm encourages the adoption of sustainable management practices in the grazing and cropping industries. Erosion risk is significantly reduced when there is more than 30% soil cover. Geochemical modelling of groundwater for prevention of incrustation.
Wind erosion rates are determined by factors similar to those. The four most common soil erosion prevention methods are vegetation, geotextiles, mulch, and retaining walls. But if you eat too much acidic food and drink and dont properly brush your teeth, the outer layer of enamel will degrade over time. These structures need continual maintenance and dont treat the source of the problem. Sheet erosion affects a whole area, when water or the wind act like a broom to clear out the topsoil. The causes and effects of soil erosion, and how to prevent it. Coker abstract flooding and erosion are common features of many communities in nigeria, resulting into loss of lives and properties. The need for increased erosion control measures, and the. Land erosion is a natural process caused by both wind and. The extent of the erosion varies depending on the grade of the slope and the depth and speed of tillage. Soil erosion is the most serious precursor of soil degradation that comes with global implications. Read this article to learn about the meaning, factors, effects, types, causes and prevention of soil erosion.
It hurts the land and people where it takes place, so also the land and people where it gets deposited. The us epa has identified erosion as the single largest cause of impaired water quality in rivers. Wind erosion is a natural process where the soil is moved, carried, and transported by the force of the wind from one place to another. Soil erosion is harmful and useful at the same time. Leaving unploughed land strips between ploughed ones, known as strip cropping, also help reduce erosion. Rain and subsequent flowing water carry along weathered rocks and other particles to be deposited at lower elevations.
It can develop when bacteria spread through droplets in the air. Prevention and remediation of soil erosion and degradation. Continue to require soil conservation and erosion prevention best management practices bmps in all construction and development that is over an acre or is a common plan of development. Movement of soil by splash erosion is the primary cause of sheet erosion. By applying some relatively simple steps, you can control and prevent soil erosion. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice glaciers, snow, air wind, plants, animals, and humans. This occurs when soil is removed uniformly in a thin layer from the entire surface area.
Soil erosion can be prevented when reforestation is done. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Indeed some 31 countries do not even make the list because they have already removed most of their forests and even if that remain are seriously fragmented and degraded. When the rivers and streams are full of soil deposits due to sedimentation and the valley levels up with the surface.
Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, it is one form of soil degradation. The rate of erosion increases in turbulent conditions and can result in leakages in tubes and. Surface cover is a major factor to control erosion because it reduces the impact of raindrops falling on bare soils and wind removing soil particles. Chapter 4 protection from coastal erosion thematic paper. It also reduces the speed of water flowing over the land. Gully erosion occurs due to the runoff of surface water causing the removal of soil with drainage lines. A study of kubeatenda community, ibadan north local government area, oyo state, nigeria.
While theres not much we can do about wind and rain, we can try some proven techniques of preventing soil erosion. Rainwater cannot wash away much soil when it falls on plants. We are looking at a control loop in which all subordinate steps contribute to the tools behaviour. Workshop on common criteria for risk area identification in. Causes of erosion erosion occurs when soil is left exposed to rain or wind energy. Pitting, which is often found on the inner surfaces of pipes, is the main cause of turbulence. Mar 16, 2017 tillage erosion occurs when tilling activity drags the soil downhill. The lack of soil erosion field data is a major factor hindering. In africa, the program is funding projects that will protect forests and topsoil while generating incomes for rural communities. Start studying weathering and soil section 3 soil erosion. Tolerable erosion rates policy process to decide but soil loss 1 thayr accelerated over natural rate. Dregne soil erosion is the main reason why desertification is irreversible.
Soil erosion is a continuous process that occurs either slowly or at an alarming rate. Much damage is also done oy wind erosion, but this phase of the problem is not treated here. Pesticides and other chemicals can get trapped in soil, polluting streams and rivers as the soil breaks apart. Surface erosion includes erosion caused by water interrill and rill only, gravity dry. Erosion control treatment selection guide usda forest service. The process of erosion usually takes place on the surface of soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the earths crust and with the help of the wind or water flow, it gets to settle down at another location. Prevention and remediation of soil erosion and degradation the most effective method to prevent erosion is to increase the vegetation cover on soil, thus preventing wind and water erosion. Shearing stress caused by wind is this force in wind erosion and its ability to erode is. Rill and gully erosion happen when impromptu streams form for water to carry away topsoil. Preventing and managing erosion environment, land and.
Causes and prevention of flooding and erosion in urban centres. Soil erosion is a natural process in which particles of soil are moved by wind and water, and displaced to another location. Ways to prevent soil erosion which method will you choose. The most effective method to prevent erosion is to increase the vegetation cover on soil, thus preventing wind and water erosion. Numerous other national and international projects are underway as soil erosion in africa gains greater attention from policymakers and social as well as environmental organizations. Here are the different ways by which erosion of soil can be prevented. This paper, therefore, appraises gully erosion and landslides, its causes, consequences and control measures in southeastern nigeria. Vegeta tion can regenerate from a degraded state as long as the seed stock remains viable and there is soil for seeds to germinate and grow in. Main causes of soil erosion soil erosion by water in the indus plains, the potowar plateau, the footslopes and mountain areas is understood to be largely the result of geological. In this paper we studied about coastal erosion, causes and impact of coastal erosion. Raindrops hit exposed soil with great energy and easily dislodge the soil particles from the surface. Those who live in urban areas are rarely aware of the situation unless they come across roads damaged by erosion. Soil erosion is the process that erodes, breaks or gradually diminishes things down.
Water and wind are the two main mechanisms by which soil is eroded and transported. Controlling soil erosion incorporating former advisory leaflets on grazing livestock, wind, outdoor pigs and the uplands. Although students could tell which was which, i missed a key component keep reading to find out what that was. Gully erosion and landslides in southeastern nigeria.
Desertification causes and impacts allied journals. Wind can erode and transport soil particles of various sizes causing damage to land and waterways. Water is one of the strongest erosive agents that has a great potential to disturb the soil surface. To maximize service life, it is therefore important. The changes in area of forest by region and subregion are shown in table 1. Many of the current soil erosion control plan options rely on capturing sediment in silt fences, check dams, and sedimentation ponds. When things erode, they wear away due to some force acting on them. The lighter textured soils sands and loams in the low rainfall lands of queenslands southwest are the most susceptible to wind erosion. Depending on the duration and intensity of a rainfall, soils can exhibit signs of one of the four forms of the damage, including. Saliva constantly neutralizes acid in your mouth to protect your teeth.